Thanks Don. I have a few quick question to clarify your last response.
3A1) For the Relay Outputs, I'm guessing that the A & B signal states [0 or 1] are controlled by the Java DigitalInput class, correct? Making pin A the PWM signal controlling a Spike Relay's FWD direction [depending on the code & wiring] a PWM signal of 1.0 to 1.5, correct?
3A2) For GPIO's, a discrete device like a Limit Switch will be "powered" by the available 5VDC on GPIO's pin 2, and the signal will connect to the GPIO's pin 1. Which leaves the GPIO's pin 3 tied to the DC Common bus,
3A3) For the Solenoid Breakout Board, the Outputs are sourcing also; hence, we would tie the Solenoid Output's + pin to the + terminal of a solenoid and the Solenoid Output's GND pin to a solenoids - terminal, correct?

I will not be surprised if tell I've all 3 of the above scenarios backwards.
4A) Will the voltage out on the "long range" ultrasonic sensor (3cm - 10m) also be linear but 5.3V = 5.3m?
Thank you very much.