Here is the answers to your questions.
1)The RobotRIO and the cRIO are nearly identical. there are a few changes, mainly to do with where ports and PWM are located. for omr info check this link:
http://wpilib.screenstepslive.com/s/...e-2014-to-2015
2) Code is a very linear progression, similar to text based languages. Labview is just easier to visualize, (inputs on the left and top of blocks, outputs on the right and bottom of blocks, there are LOADS of examples, and it is fairly easy to compile these examples into working code. (The examples are located under the support tab when you first open Labview (make sure you have the updates and utilities installed)
3)You answered your own question here, start in the Begin.vi. This is a "Robot map" you state what is located where. And the code is very similar for motors, solenoids, sensors, etc. (use the open block, then use the set referum name block, wire them together and make a constant on the name. Past that (in Teleop.vi) just use the get referum and set(for actuators) and the get(for sensors)
4)Yes, it is possible to learn all this, I can try to find you some generic example code, or you can PM me and I can help you out more) you may not learn all the tips and tricks, but you will be able to make functioning robot code.
Feel free to PM me