[GeeTwo]

If you're stuck on adhesives (pun at least semi-intended), the obvious choices are CA (Cyano-acrylate), rubber cement, Gorilla Glue, Eastman 910, and Shoe Goo. I have not attempted such a bond, but I suspect that CA is too brittle for this application and would provide poor grip on the rubber side. I also suspect that Shoe Goo (which is designed to keep soles from peeling away from shoes) is most likely to satisfy, followed by Gorilla Glue and Eastman 910. Rubber cement isn't really that strong, but it always comes to mind in situations with flexible/torsional stresses. If your aluminum has a shiny finish (as most 6061, or 6063, and 7075 items do), I would suggest adding some texture to the surface with an etching acid as though you were preparing to paint it, so the glue can get a better grip. If you have a cast wheel, you may be OK with the finish.

Repeat: I have not attempted such a bond, but in the absence of better info, and if I decided that I did not want to do rivets, this is what I would try.