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I'm not quite sure what you're point with powerful processors must be programmed in assembly or a higher level language. To my knowledge, almost all processors must be programmed that way. It also wouldn't have to be a particularly powerful processor. Remember that the Basic Stamp merely interprets the compiled PBasic code and that runs on a PIC.
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It really has nothing to do with the language it has to do with how the language is read on the microcontroller.
interpretors-An interpretor reads a high level language and then tells the micro-controller what to do. It is almost exactly what a Basic stamp does. The slowest of the three choices due to the fact that the microcontroller has to read the high language.
Compilers- Compilers turn high level languages and turns it into assembly. They generally have to be designed for a specific brand of micro-controllers since each one usually has different hardware architectures. The second fastest due to the fact that the program is being translated into assembly.
Assembly- Lowest level language for any microcontroller and generally the hardest to understand. The fastest one if properly implemented.
Usually all that gets affected if you go from one type to the next is the speed of the program. It usually goes like this in order of increasing speed:
interpretors<compilers<assembly