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the max pressure a pneumatic piston can safely hold is a complicated thing to calculate. It would depend on how thick the walls of the piston are, the type of metal used, the threads on the connections, the seals inside the piston, the strenght of the rod
not to mention how strong the ends are so you dont blow the end of the cylinder out when it slams to one end under pressure.
there is no single formula - it really comes down to a design analysis to establish the spec for max pressure. and even that has variables: temp, humidity...
and finally , they aways include a safety factor- if the piston will fail at 300 psi they wont rate it for 299, they would rate it for 150 or 100 or 60 - depending one how much of a safety factor they want.
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