Check out these from DigiKey:
http://dkc3.digikey.com/PDF/T041/0996.pdf
The ones in the upper left corner look good: high resolution, low price. We just ordered some for our robot. We picked the 128 counts per revolution units, since we have to put them on the drive wheels. Lower resolution would be fine (maybe even better) if you can put them on the motor shaft before you gear down. For testing we've been using some surplus encoders with lower resolution (32 CPR) and in fact they work well enough to make our robot drive reasonably straight.