OK first, yes you can program this robot
using Linux. Visit
http://kevin.org/frc/ and you should find some more information. For starting off, I highly recommend the documents on
http://www.innovationfirst.com/FIRST...umentation.htm
And then if you are advanced enough you can look at
this page, but only if you are a really core programmer. Otherwise innovation FIRST is the best place to start.
To answer another part of you question, there is no OS on the robot controller. It is a microchip which understands C and assembler. Search, Read documents and get a feel of what our robot controller(microchip product) is. Its might not be such a good idea to try to go as far and put Linux on there or something, Search, Read documents you can find and you will get a feel.
A warm welcome to the ChiefDelphi online community and one more suggestion, next time before you post, use the
Search function before you ever post, because most of your questions are already asked regarding programming. If you cant find it, then post, we will be most glad to help.
-Bharat