[Swampdude]

I thought this was all rubber too when I first saw it. Which would entail low torque. But if the intent is to actually mesh steel teeth, you're going to have a variety of misalignments. Those "floating sprockets" would make contact at one angle which would change along the revolution. Also the contact timing would cause the driven gear to stutter the further out you have it. Then as you pull it to center it would start binding due to the angular misalignments. Unless you used pegs/dowels, that might help. But the timing thing would still happen. Also the loading wouldn't get spread out over multiple teeth, like standard gear mesh designs. Singling each tooth to take full load requires large, strong materials.
I don't see how the dome helps as far as the angle causing a different ratio either - if it's radial shape is consistent. Seems to be the same effect as detail 2 as long as you're sliding the "floating sprocket" wheels in/out from center. Also this effect causes the two shafts to counter rotate.
I applaud your thought process. I'm not sure what to offer as far as improvement goes other than trying pegs instead of teeth. Or stick to what we were seeing in the rubber contact, and low torque use.