You probably won't be able to find a single chip that does all that. You could look for a data aquisition board, which will be more pricey.
For a similar project, I did exactly as Rickertsen2 described with a PIC 16F877. I got a kit with breadboard/programmer from
www.machinescience.org (now an official FIRST supplier), which has a good web-based compiler. It took me some time to learn all the microcontroller specifics, but with the analog inputs, a multiplexer, and capture modules, you can read in all your signals and then send out bytes via the same RS-232 programmer that comes with the kit. The advantage over a DAQ board is that you have complete control over the processing and data format.
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MIT Mechanical Engineering
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Team 97: Cambridge Rindge and Latin School with The Edgerton Center, MIT Mechanical Engineering, Bluefin Robotics, and Draper Laboratory
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