[Al Skierkiewicz]

Cody,
You didn't say if your family is the original owner so I am going to assume this is a used vehicle for you. My family once picked up a used vehicle and a few days after the buy, a switch from reverse to forward at high idle caused the motor to come out of it's mounts. Bolts were also missing in the mounts. It turns out that someone tried (unsure as to the success) to remove the engine, and never fully finished the job of putting it back. Since no one just pulls an engine for fun, a closer inspection turned up some irregularities in the cooling system.
As to your engine, bolts don't randomly come out and lay down in in the mud guard. They could have pulled out of the block but I would suspect they were placed there by someone who removed them. Since you have found the source of the oil leak, if you repair it, you might find other sources. As to the white smoke when started, this is likely an indication that collant is entering one or more of the cylinders or exhaust ports and is turned to steam when the engine is started. When you sheared the idler pulley (which is bolted to the block) it is possible that a crack developed. I would check the dipstick again as see if there is any indication of coolant. It may appear as water droplets or as a muddy looking, light brown sludge. If you find this, a cracked block is the likely culprit. As to the barely running, any of a number of vacuum hoses could cause poor idle and certainly that affects the power brakes. Replacing hoses to their proper position will clear up many issues if all else is OK.
Without closer examination though, I would put the car out of it's misery and tow it to a junk yard. With this kind of damage, things will continue to break in the future and you will want to keep fixing it to save your prior investment. I know it's hard, I had to watch a '57 Chevy get junked when I was in high school. It wasn't pretty!