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There is no "conservation of torque" law in physics either.
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Ether there is a Law of Conservation of Energy. While "bit for bit" in your arguments you may not break it, the reality is that this system is more dynamic than a single lever system. You've also failed to point out that your lever system has the end result of the final object moving less and less due to the torque conversion, whereas Alan is implying that both Mecanum wheels in the multiplied system of your model have the same speed.
Power = Torque * Rotational Speed, and is Energy per Unit Time -- in the example of pushing against a wall, the mechanical input power into the wheel is constant. The rollers translate that power 45 degrees from the angle at which it's applied to the wheel (due to the direction of the traction and tangental free spin). The power at 45 degrees cannot be greater than the input power, lest the Law CoE be broken. Thus, to figure out how much tractive force is applied axialy to the roller (given that the roller free spins tagental to its axle), vector components are necessary.
Assuming that when the wheel spins a minute amount to push forward on the force sensor, the roller spins an equal amount, and
Assuming that there are two wheels oriented such that their roller axles are tangental to each other (and 45 degrees from the axis wheel rotation)
The forces generated into the robot are absorbed by the frame.
The forces generated forward of the robot are absorbed by the sensor.
The two forces, when summed via vector analysis, much equal the sum forces at the 45 degree angle of the respective rollers.
Otherwise, the law of CoE is broken since this is in effect, a Power problem.