This page is a good start on the basic types of programming structures
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_programming
A very simple view of the three basic labview structures would be...
While: A programming structure that will repeat as long as(while) the condition set in the loop exists. This can be through time, sensor data, loop iteration etc...
Sequence: A programming structure that will carry out events in order from left to right(in sequence). The best way to look at this structure is as a movie real or newspaper cartoon. The structure will go frame by frame. Our team used this structure to run our autonomous routine this year.
Case: A programming structure that will run an event based on a Boolean input of true or false.(the stated case) Let's say you have a button that returns the value of 0 when not pressed and 1 when pressed. You use a case to run a different VI for when the button is and isn't pressed.